The article compares the views on the nature of morality of two 18th century philosophers - Immanuel Kant and Adam Smith. Those characteristics that distinguish these views from each other are identified. On the one hand, the subjectivist nature of morality is revealed, depending on the degree of development of the imagination, in Smith's interpretation, on the other hand, the objective nature of moral norms, defended by Kant, is demonstrated. In conclusion, the article shows that the practical application of Kant’s categorical imperative does not contradict the egoistic nature of man, on which Smith based his understanding of morality.

The values of Russian culture are examined through the prism of Immanuel Kant's categorical imperative. The main tools for cleansing Russian culture from the harmful pseudoculture of Western civilization are substantiated. Approaches to eradicating one of the difficult ethical and aesthetic problems, which is the swearing pandemic or the pandemic of foul language that has overwhelmed the school and student environment, are analyzed.

The norms of law, in comparison with the norms of morality, are characterized by the precision of their prescriptions, and limits the actions of the doctor, imposing on him certain obligations to avoid disputes and clashes, while the norms of morality do not set any boundaries for their prescriptions, does not define in detail the limits of their manifestations, giving the opportunity in each individual case to comply or not. In the health care system, moral norms are inseparable from legal norms, and the latter have a significant impact on the doctor in the provision of medical care. Consequently, in the educational process in the formation of moral norms in a medical student, it is necessary to focus on a complex set of legal principles and rules, the application of which will be for the benefit of the patient and the doctor.

The article is devoted to the study of the study of the ideas of Immanuel Kant in Arab countries. The reality of studying philosophy in Arab countries and the urgent need for philosophical ideas that develop a critical and conscious mind and protect against the vices of religious fanaticism from which some Arab countries suffer are shown. The relevance of Kant's ideas was widely spread in the Arab world to change and improve people by ridding them of religious fanaticism and taming the minds with violence.

In our country, special attention is paid to the formation of a culture of safety of the population, since ensuring the safety of citizens is one of the priority components of a high standard of living for citizens. It is the formation of a culture of life safety that is determined by the main target of the activities of organizations engaged in educational activities. The purpose of the article is to substantiate the phenomenon of "culture of life safety" as a basic target of state policy in the field of education. Research methodology – methods of analysis and description. Research results: the approaches of various scientists to the phenomenon of "life safety culture" in the field of pedagogy are analyzed and pedagogical aspects of safety culture are identified. The main ways of forming a culture of life safety of students are considered, as well as the target guidelines for the formation of this culture, such as: political, economic, psychological, environmental and information security of an individual.

The article examines the main provisions of Kant's pedagogical thought from the point of view of the modern understanding of human education and upbringing. Kant argues that only a person can be a subject of education. Considering the basic principles of education and upbringing proposed by Kant, it should be remembered that the philosopher relied largely on his own experience. At the same time, his pedagogical views are quite consistent with the spirit of the European Enlightenment. In his pedagogical theory, Kant, in accordance with the spirit of the Enlightenment era, distinguishes the concepts of "learning" and "education". By training, which refers to physical education and involves the development of physical properties and mental abilities of individuals, he understands the acquisition of knowledge, the formation of skills and the acquisition of skills. Education is always aimed at the formation of morality and the spiritual world of the individual. Therefore, he argues that pedagogy should become a scientific discipline. Kant considered practical education as less voluminous than physical education, which is more connected with the idea of the person to whom the educator should strive.

This article aims to draw attention to the importance of applying various concepts of Kant's theory to the educational process when considering intelligent systems, which are increasingly attracting the attention of researchers around the world. The pedagogical component of teaching Kant's work through the lens of intelligent systems offers a valuable approach for educators seeking to guide their students through the complexities of Kantian philosophy, as by deconstructing Kant's theories and analyzing them within the framework of various intelligent systems, including AI, educators can provide students with a clearer framework for understanding his ideas. This approach allows for a more holistic and dynamic study of Kant's work, as it encourages students to consider how the German thinker's theories fit into contemporary, broader philosophical traditions and systems of thought. Immanuel Kant's emphasis on human values, reason, and autonomy remain a crucial source of inspiration for those seeking to understand the nature of morality, knowledge, and reality. Kant's legacy lives on in the ongoing pursuit of truth, justice, and the advancement of human knowledge and understanding of reality.

The article considers the problems of teaching the discipline "Fundamentals of Russian statehood" related to the study of the values of the Russian worldview. Various approaches to the formation of the content of the values of the Russian worldview are investigated, an analysis of relevant sociological studies, educational and methodological literature, and scientific publications is given. The author summarizes his own experience of teaching the discipline "Fundamentals of Russian statehood". The novelty of the work consists in developing proposals for the formation of students' ideas about the values of the Russian worldview and improving the effectiveness of teaching the discipline "Fundamentals of Russian Statehood".

The article presents an analysis of some of the works of Immanuel Kant, indicating that the theme of his research was the gerontological aspect. In the information society, the digitalization society, the problems of gerontology are becoming extremely relevant. The philosopher was one of the first to consider the relationship of longevity with the regime that the individual follows throughout his life. The connection between the emotional, physiological and spiritual as a factor of longevity, correspondence with physicians of the time are confirmation that he was actually engaged in what in the XXI century will be called gerontosfiey.

The article is dedicated to one of the forms of organizing the pedagogical process – scientific and technical conferences. It examines the types, structure, practical benefits of conferences, and provides recommendations for students and cadet.

The article considers the possibilities of using educational and professional humanitarian-oriented research tasks in the educational process of the university as a means of forming and developing research skills of students of technical specialties. The process of solving educational and professional tasks is considered by the example of constructing an optimal route using graph theory methods.

The article examines the essential aspect of moral consciousness and its manifestation in pedagogical activity, its role and significance in the education and training of the future engineer, citizens of our country in the 21st century. Attention is focused on modern aspects of interaction between society and the individual that have arisen in connection with economic, social, organizational and political changes in the country, the emergence of a wide range of problems, the solution of which is directly dependent on the level of moral consciousness of the individual and citizens of society. An attempt was made to socially and philosophically comprehend the fundamentally new situation that has developed in society and the need for a deep knowledge of the real state of the moral consciousness of citizens, the features of its functioning and the development of ways to manage this process, taking into account issues of a technical, socio-psychological nature, high competence of a specialist and increasing his moral consciousness.

The article consistently traces the formation of the transcendental philosophy of I. Kant, and comes to the relationship between the empirical and rational at the point of practical functioning of the categorical imperative, and the associated human duty, morality, conscience and freedom. Next, the question is raised about potentiation, new incipient and possibilistic forms of continuation of Kantian philosophy, as well as the significance of the rationalistic and ethical tradition of I. Kant for philosophy, personal and social life of a person in the space and time of today and tomorrow.

A study of modern problems of aesthetic education of subtle feelings - the beautiful, the sublime and love is presented; analysis of the famous work of I. Kant "Observation of the feeling of the beautiful and sublime". The role of word culture in nurturing a sense of the beautiful and sublime is explored.

The article is devoted to the current problem of the formation and development of the educational environment of a university. The author analyzed the theoretical aspects of the concept of "educational environment" and identified various approaches to designing an effective educational environment. The author emphasizes that a person-oriented educational environment of a university can contribute to the harmonious development of a student’s personality, the disclosure of his abilities and creative potential. The article notes the importance of creating a developing educational environment that contributes to the development of the student’s personality, interaction between participants in educational relations, which ultimately affects the effectiveness of the educational process. The author of the article identifies the components of the educational environment of the university, analyzes the components of the educational environment of the SAMGUPS branch in Nizhny Novgorod, characterizes such components as didactic, practice-oriented, managerial (organizational), innovative, educational.

The training module “Mediation” differs from other special courses in that it can be applied and enrich almost all areas of professional training in the education system. Mediation can be considered in a broad context as a universal technology of human socialization, a social, pedagogical, legal, human-centric technology for the peaceful resolution of disputes, preventing crises in relationships, resolving conflict situations, transferring upcoming or emerging crises between the parties into their cooperation. Decrees of the President of Russia, reflecting new national goals of Russia and the development of artificial intelligence in the country, show global changes in world politics, economics and technology. The purpose of the work is to substantiate the need to revise the conceptual model of the mediation process, taking into account new technological tools for solving the problems of Russia's restructuring. The use of information technologies makes it possible to expand the capabilities of the parties involved in mediation due to the emergence of new tools and technologies for analyzing the situation under consideration. Particular attention is paid to the humanistic meaning of the mediation process. In the digital model and methodology of mediation, the training of mediators includes, in addition to training modules on conflict management and human psychology, the psychology of individual nations, nationalities, communities and modern digital technology tools, including digital platforms, neural networks and digital twins. The transition to a digital mediation model leads to the need to modernize educational and methodological complexes, including the composition and map of competencies for various areas of mediation and the specific conditions and environment of application. Training in mediation in digital conditions seems to be most important for graduates of higher educational institutions, who will encounter various conflicts in their professional activities - clashes of legal norms, business culture, during organizational and technological restructuring of production and management, as well as for employees of organizations and enterprises working in a multiethnic environment. In the context of the emergence of complex collisions in business and life situations in the era of economic restructuring, mediation is becoming one of the tools for the sustainable development of modern society.

The article considers the approaches accompanying the formation of vocational and pedagogical competence of the teacher of the institution of secondary vocational education, conducting classes in the direction of "Information security". The authors specify the concept of "professional-pedagogical competence". Based on their own pedagogical experience, the authors formulate directions for the formation of professional pedagogical competence of the teacher.

The article is devoted to the study of the project-based learning system in a vocational school. The theoretical aspects of project-based learning in modern professional education are highlighted and generalized, and the concepts of "project approach", "project technology" and "project methods" are correlated. The features of using project-based learning in a vocational school with a focus on the formation of professional competencies are determined. The current trends in the development of project-based learning in vocational schools are clarified, indicating a transition to a system of project-based learning. Based on the results of the study, it is clarified that project-based learning meets modern educational requirements, contributes to the formation of highly qualified specialists ready for the challenges and opportunities of the modern labor market, and has the potential for advanced training. The systematic nature of project-based learning unfolds at the level of comprehensive penetration into vocational schools, since project activities as a whole become the leading tool for the activities of educational subjects.

The article presents the results of a study of professional motivation of teachers, as well as the existence of a link between professional motivation of teachers and strategies of behavior in conflict.

The article examines reflection as a pedagogical tool in the system of professional training of teacher-tutors. The author characterizes the pedagogical profession of "tutor", identifies the specifics of tutoring activities, and substantiates the relevance of professional education in the field of tutoring. Using the example of the educational program "Tutoring in general and vocational education", implemented in the tutor master’s program of the Yaroslavl State Pedagogical University named after K. D. Ushinsky, the experience of using reflection to form students’ tutor position and tutor competencies as components of the readiness of a future specialist to carry out professional tutoring activities is presented. The researcher reveals educational reflection as a tool for organizing individual educational activities of undergraduates, a way of recording the educational progress of students in accordance with their personal and professional aspirations and needs, as well as a means of studying and analyzing educational material. Particularly highlights professional reflection and substantiates its importance for the development of a teacher-tutor, emphasizes the importance of developing such a personality quality as reflexivity for the performance of tutoring activities.

The article discusses the use of tutor support in the process of forming the tutor competence of teachers of additional education. The formation of tutor competence implies the development of value-semantic, cognitive-creative and organizational-managerial components. The appearance of a teacher with tutoring competence in institutions of additional education is relevant and valuable in modern conditions. The possibilities of additional education make it possible to more individualize the interaction of teachers and students, to use active forms of such interaction. Tutor support of teachers is understood as a special type of pedagogical activity, a special pedagogical technique based on the interaction of trained teachers, during which there is awareness and realization of their own educational goals and objectives. The effectiveness of tutor support for students at any age level is a sequence of interrelated stages: diagnostic, design, implementation and analytical. The article indicates that the experience of the participation of teachers of additional education in the process of tutor support allows us to get the most complete picture of the essence of tutor competence. The formation of tutor competence of a teacher of additional education can be most effectively carried out using forms, methods and technologies of tutor support. The following forms of tutor support for teachers were used: individual tutor consultations, group tutor consultations (talks) and tutorials (training seminars). The following methods of tutor support were used: question, observation, conversation, discussion, essay, business or role-playing game, case method, reflexive method, method of analysis. The technology of tutor support is "educational cartography", namely "personal resource mapping". The results of the positive dynamics of the level of formation of the tutor competence of teachers of additional education obtained during the tutor support of teachers indicate the realism and practical feasibility of this process.

The upcoming changes in the higher education system are becoming prerequisites for changing the nature of the difficulties associated with building individual learning trajectories. The choice of a particular professional field of activity becomes impossible primarily due to the fact that the term of scientific knowledge is permanently decreasing, new interdisciplinary areas for individual selfrealization arise, and the need for continuous self-improvement and self-development is growing. All of the above reflects the need to move from "choosing a profession or field of activity" to "making a decision to move in a certain direction in the near future". 

The article reveals the psychological difficulties faced by bilingual students from post-Soviet countries who came to study at Russian universities, analyzes how these difficulties are related to gaps in the base of their linguistic and cultural knowledge, and also proposes the structure of an educational complex aimed at smoothing out the identified problems. The authors describe their experiment, analyze its results, and give recommendations on how to create modern educational materials for bilinguals.

In the article, the author, based on an analysis of materials from a survey of students and cadets of KSTU and BFFSA, examines patriotic views of students and draws conclusions about the corresponding opinions. The survey conducted made it possible to monitor the development of the personal qualities of a citizen-patriot. This study will help university lecturers, university teachers of History, Philosophy and of the foundations of Russian statehood to find the most effective methods and forms of pedagogical work within the framework of the taught disciplines in order to carry out effective patriotic education and have a positive impact on the worldview, axiological, value attitudes of modern students. Based on the results obtained, appropriate adjustments can be made to the educational plan of the university.

The article is devoted to the study of the problem of developing tolerance to other nationalities of schoolchildren of early adolescence in painting classes. Based on the clarified concept of "the development of tolerance to other nationalities in painting classes", indicators of this quality of schoolchildren are formulated. For each indicator, methods and diagnostic tasks have been developed for students of the children's art school in painting classes. Methods of developing this quality of adolescents are predicted.

The problem of activating students' independent work is considered. The need to use active and interactive learning methods when implementing students’ independent work is noted.

The experience of teaching dermatovenerology at various levels of training at a medical university: specialty and clinical residency is presented. The article presents data on the combined use of full-time and distance learning technologies in the process of training students and clinical residents of various areas of training and specialty. The advantages, disadvantages, problems and prospects of using a hybrid format in the educational process of teaching dermatovenereology are shown.

This article examines stable combinations of words – phraseological units with a maritime theme, and concludes that the work on their study is effective, since it stimulates the verbal and mental activity of cadets, introduces them to the culture of native speakers of the language being studied, and improves the quality of teaching the Russian language to foreigners.

In this article the definition and key principles of the theories of conceptual metaphor and priming are being examined, exploring its context, mechanisms, and impact on cognitive processes involved in teaching vocabulary to medical students. An overview of major studies demonstrating the practical significance of the theory of priming is provided as well as practical material to be implemented in teaching EL vocabulary in general with emphasis on teaching phrasal verbs in particular. This article has explored various mechanisms of priming, such as semantic, phonological, syntactic, and pragmatic, and their influence on language learning. Further research in this field will contribute to a deeper understanding of the role of priming in language teaching and learning and cognitive mechanisms.

This article presents a developed model for the formation of the motivational component of the professional competence of cadets of a maritime university in a mixed learning environment; the relevance of its design is substantiated; the components of its structure are considered.

This article addresses the motivation issues faced by cadets in non-linguistic specialized universities when learning a foreign language and offers a solution through the development and implementation of the specialized educational computer program. The authors emphasize the importance of the practical value of a foreign language, proposing teaching methods that are as close to real professional situations as possible. The program, utilizing interactivity and gaming elements, aims to enhance the motivation and the quality of education, providing cadets with opportunities for an active participation and a personalized approach to learning a foreign language.

Learning a language and developing the ability to communicate in a foreign language in an informal setting is quite productive. To introduce them to a foreign language culture, thematic events for children are created, clubs are organized, and city and summer camps operate. To introduce schoolchildren to foreign-language culture, thematic events are created, clubs are organized, and city and summer camps operate. Purpose: to describe methods of stimulating foreign language creative speech activity among teenagers during active recreation in a summer camp. The results present a scientifically based implementation of methods and techniques for stimulating foreign language creative speech activity of children in a language camp, taking into account special principles and the phased nature of the formation and development of foreign language communication skills.

Describes observations of the use of graphic programs and social networks in the educational process; An effective assessment of drawing work is proposed using a special application for distance learning.

The development of a production and technological process of teaching ecology in a technical university on the basis of digitalization is necessary in modern conditions to improve the quality of environmental training of specialists. Digital ecology in the field of safety is aimed at the selection, use of information in order to find ways to simulate environmental life situations. In the practice of training specialists, insufficient attention is paid to the issues of digital ecology and its application in practice. Modeling the structure of digital ecology allows you to form professional competencies at a more modern high level and contribute to the development of personal qualities of students: independence, communicativeness, self-knowledge, creativity.

The article is devoted to the issues of teaching robotics in professional educational organizations. Recently, robotics has become a necessary, relevant and in-demand field of knowledge. In the modern world, it is necessary to build a certain method of professional training in order to more effectively transfer one’s skills and abilities to students. The presented article examines the issues of using pedagogical technologies in teaching robotics in higher and secondary vocational educational institutions. The article analyzes the most pressing issues in teaching robotics, examines the differences in the teaching of technical and humanities disciplines, and examines innovative technologies that are used or can be used in teaching robotics.

The article is devoted to the issues of teaching robotics in professional educational organizations. Recently, robotics has become a necessary, relevant and in-demand field of knowledge. In the modern world, it is necessary to build a certain method of professional training in order to more effectively transfer one’s skills and abilities to students. The presented article examines the issues of using pedagogical technologies in teaching robotics in higher and secondary vocational educational institutions. The article analyzes the most pressing issues in teaching robotics, examines the differences in the teaching of technical and humanities disciplines, and examines innovative technologies that are used or can be used in teaching robotics.

The forms of physical education of cadets and students are considered using the example of the BGARF, depending on the state of health, the level of physical development and preparedness of students, and their sports qualifications.

The article discusses current problems of organizing research training in physics for students at a technical university. It is shown that the topics of students' research works within the framework of environmental physics are relevant. An example of a research work devoted to the study of the interaction of distilled and mineral water with plastic using a spectrophotometer is given. It is noted that research teaching in physics makes it possible to implement didactic principles: scientific, visual, accessible, systematic and consistent, the principle of connecting theory with practice.

Continuous improvement of military professional education requires changes in pedagogical diagnostics in the activities of teachers of military institutes of the National Guard troops. The purpose of the article is to study the experience of using pedagogical diagnostics as a necessary condition for comprehensive personal development, effective education, upbringing and psychological training of cadets. In solving the problems of the study, the essence, tasks, features and directions of the development of pedagogical diagnostics in the activities of a military teacher are considered. On the basis of the conducted research and analysis of the key points, it was concluded that the main way of developing pedagogical diagnostics in the activity of teachers should be aimed at personal and military-professional development, self-determination, formation of socially significant and professionally important moral and psychological qualities in cadets.

Contemporary higher education faces the challenge of integrating innovative approaches into physical education programs. Digital-sport, which combines elements of physical activity and digital technology, offers a unique solution to increase student interest and participation in sports activities. The article examines the potential of digital-sport for the development of physical and cognitive skills and explores the challenges of integrating such technologies into educational programs. Recommendations for optimizing curricula and teaching methods are provided for the effective use of digital-sport in academic practice.

The article presents data from a longitudinal study of cognitive mental processes among students in the field of “Physical Education and Sports”. It has been shown that over the past twenty years, indicators of concentration and stability of attention, perception of spatial features, working memory for words and numbers, as well as thinking have changed It is concluded that one of the possible reasons for the influence on the processes under study is the constant access of students to information environments on the Internet.

The article presents a methodology for teaching square dance team dance in eights to students of physical education universities. At the beginning of the article, a brief history of the emergence and development of square dancing in foreign countries and in Russia is presented. Next, the methodology for teaching square dancing when studying English by students of physical education universities is described in detail. Starting with familiarization in English with the arrangement before the dance. And ending with methodological techniques for students who find it difficult to follow commands in dance.

The analysis of the content of federal educational standards of general education, federal educational programs and federal work programs on the academic subject "Physical culture" was carried out in order to specify and update the basic requirements for conducting physical education lessons at school.

The results of a sociological and pedagogical study, which was attended by more than 100 teachers of physical education in Stavropol and Stavropol Territory, conducted in order to study the attitude of the teaching community to the peculiarities of conducting physical education lessons in the context of the implementation of unified federal educational programs involving the inclusion of educational modules in the general educational process of sports.

The results are analyzed, indicating the ambiguous attitude of the majority of teachers to the content of federal educational programs, the inclusion of sports-oriented training modules in the educational process.

The results of the study can serve as a guideline for the administrative apparatus of secondary schools, educational authorities on the need to pay closer attention to the problems of introducing unified federal work programs into the system of general physical education and professional development of physical education teachers.

The use of the research results can help to increase the readiness of teachers to conduct physical education lessons in accordance with the basic provisions of the unified federal educational programs and significantly improve the effectiveness of educational work on physical culture in secondary schools.

Physical recreation for students is one of the most promising types of physical activity. Due to accessibility, lack of strict regulation, and the ability to meet both the biological and social needs of students, physical recreation is easily integrated into the lifestyle of a modern student, providing the level of involvement necessary for regular independent studies. As part of physical education at the university, it is necessary to increase attention to the theoretical and methodological preparation of students for the use of physical exercises for recreational purposes, ways to purposefully include recreational motor activity in the daily routine. The development and improvement of the content of non-specialized education in the field of physical recreation seems to be a necessary condition for the full-fledged physical education of students assigned to a special medical group for health reasons.

The article describes the development of a methodology aimed at the formation of general professional competencies among students in the direction 49.03.01 “Physical culture”, and the justification of its effectiveness.

When determining personalized norms of physical activity, the totality of daily measurements of heart rate is considered as a system of human body states. The problem of physical activity normalization has two contradictions: mass distribution of wearable technologies and insufficient use of their functionality for solving the problems of health-improving physical activity normalization; increasing the efficiency of health-improving activities and lack of modern technologies for determining personalized norms. To solve the problem of personalized norms it is proposed to apply the theory of rank analysis, which is promising in the study of daily non-Gaussian heart rate data obtained with wearable devices. The proposed system of human body states creates prerequisites for determining personalized norms of physical activity and developing effective physical culture and health improvement programs for those engaged in health-improving physical culture.

The experience of the Baltic Federal University named after. Immanuel Kant on the design and launch of elective modules implemented within the framework of basic educational programs that involve customizing the life and educational routes of students; the emphasis is on the physical education and health module, as one of the promising areas for determining the personal trajectory of personal development.

The option of optimizing the organization of the educational process through the implementation of communication between the student-teacher and between the student-administration through the introduction of an automated chatbot is considered. Both advantages and possible challenges and limitations are considered.

The article is devoted to the problem of forming the competence of self-organisation and self-development of future teachers of physical culture as a basis for the formation of universal and professional competences. The author proposes ways of forming the competence of self-organisation and self-development in the educational environment of the university through the inclusion of future teachers of physical culture in the activities of the student sports club.

The provided statistics illustrate the low level of fluency while speaking English among the Russian population, despite the existence of dozens of officially approved approaches and methods of teaching a foreign language. The author omits the diversity of omnifarious methods and draws readers' attention to the essential scientific basis which should be the foundation for the work of forming pupils' oral English speech. Thus there was an attempt to present an original approach "Speak by steps" in frames of which there were formulated psychological-pedagogical laws and principles of forming oral English speech among pupils in 5-9 grades. Following the laws and principles, as a consequence, leads to the formation of a personalised learning pathway for pupils that complicates preparation for lessons and work in the class for a teacher. To solve the problem there were proposed two variants such as using educational board games from the company «играVкласс» during lessons and online service speakbysteps.ru as a platform for homework assignments.

The article examines the psychological features of the development of emotional stability of foreign students in the process of professional training at a university as an important component of their emotional sphere, which determines the effectiveness of achieving educational and professional results. The author characterizes the essential characteristics of emotional stability as a psychological phenomenon, as well as the possibility of developing the emotional stability of foreign students in the educational environment of a university. The importance of developing emotional stability of foreign students is emphasized, which is effective in ensuring certain conditions in the educational process throughout the entire period of professional training.

The article considers the essence of pedagogical aspect of the issue of forming professional judicial competence during the period of training of military students in the maritime higher educational institution. The synergy determined for knowledge, abilities and skills and also the personal important qualities ensuring forming of professional judicial competence of would-be maritime specialists.

The necessity of relaying the practice of using active teaching methods to optimize the educational process at all levels of education is substantiated. The principles, parameters, and criteria of effective discussion in additional professional education are described.